Apparatus and Methods for Transmission and Reception of Data in Multi-Antenna Systems

ABSTRACT

Methods and apparatus adapted to address asymmetric conditions in a multi-antenna system. In one embodiment, the multi-antenna system comprises a wireless (e.g., 3G cellular) multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO) system, and the methods and apparatus efficiently utilize transmitter and receiver resources based at least in part on a detected asymmetric condition. If an asymmetric condition is detected by the transmitter on any given data stream, the transmitter can decide to utilize only a subset of the available resources for that stream. Accordingly, the signal processing resources for that data stream are adapted to mirror the reduction in resources that are necessary for transmission, The transmitter signals the receiver that it will only be using a subset of the resources available, and the receiver adapts its operation according to the signaling data it receives. The multi-antenna system can therefore reduce power consumption as well as increasing spectral efficiency on the network.

COPYRIGHT

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BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of Invention

The present invention relates generally to the field of wirelesscommunication and data networks. More particularly, in one exemplaryaspect, the present invention is directed to the efficient allocation oftime-frequency resources of a wireless communications system usingmultiple antennas, including the asymmetric distribution of data streamsamong the antennas.

2. Description of Related Technology Basic Multiple Access Methods

FIGS. 1A-1D illustrate basic multiple access methods well understood inthe wireless transmission arts. In these FIGS., time increases in thedirection of a time axis t and frequency increases in the direction of afrequency axis F.

FIG. 1A comprises a first time-frequency diagram illustrating a TDMA(time division multiple access) system. In TDMA, each mobile radioterminal may use the whole frequency band provided for the usage by themobile radio terminals but for each mobile radio device only apredefined transmission time interval (TTI) is allocated in which themobile radio device may send and receive useful data. During atransmission time interval 102 only one mobile radio device is active ina radio cell. In TDMA the number of users that the network can supportis equal to the number of TTIs that are available.

FIG. 1B comprises a second time-frequency diagram illustrating a FDMA(frequency division multiple access) system. In FDMA, each mobile radiodevice may use the whole time period but only a predefined narrowfrequency band 104 of the whole frequency band available for sending andreceiving useful data. In the narrow frequency band only one mobileradio device is active in the radio cell at any given time. In FDMA, thenumber of users that the network can support is equal to the number offrequency bands which are available throughout a given frequencyspectrum.

FIG. 1C comprises a third time-frequency diagram illustrating a CDMA(code division multiple access) system. In CDMA, each mobile radioterminal may send and receive useful data during the whole time periodand using the whole frequency band. In order to avoid interferencebetween the data sent by different senders, each mobile radio device isallocated a binary code pattern 108. The code patterns which areallocated to the different mobile radio terminals are ideally orthogonaland data sent by a mobile radio terminal or to be received by the mobileradio terminal is coded (“spread”) by the code pattern allocated to themobile radio terminal. In CDMA, the number of users that the network cansupport is directly related to the number of orthogonal spreading codeswhich are available. In certain modes of CDMA operation, variable datarates may be supported by assigning various length spreading codes (ahigh data rate stream requires a shorter length spreading code, whichalso limits the number of orthogonal codes available to other users).CDMA has the property that the higher the number of users on thenetwork, the more likely the users will interfere with one another.Accordingly, code distribution and power control are critical.

FIG. 1D illustrates OFDMA (orthogonal frequency division multipleaccess), which is a special case of FDMA and is a multiple carriermethod in which the whole frequency band having a bandwidth B issubdivided into M orthogonal sub carriers 110. Thus, there are M(narrow) frequency bands with a bandwidth of F=B/M. In OFDMA, a datastream to be sent is divided on a multiplicity of sub carriers and istransmitted in parallel. The data rate of each sub carrier isaccordingly lower than the overall data rate. For each mobile radioterminal, a defined number of subcarriers are allocated for datatransmission, For OFDMA the number of maximum users that the network cansupport is the multiple of the orthogonal sub-carriers multiplied by thenumber of available transmission time intervals. A chief advantage ofOFDMA's flexible time-frequency resource allocation, over e.g., CDMA'sflexible code allocation, is a higher spectral efficiency.

UMTS

Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) is an exemplaryimplementation of a “third-generation” or “3G” cellular telephonetechnology. The UMTS standard is specified by a collaborative bodyreferred to as the 3^(rd) Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). The3GPP has adopted UMTS as a 3G cellular radio system targeted for interalia European markets, in response to requirements set forth by theInternational Telecommunications Union (ITU). The ITU standardizes andregulates international radio and telecommunications. Enhancements toUMTS will support future evolution to fourth generation (4G) technology.

In the current UMTS mobile radio communication standard, also calledRelease 7, a maximum net peak transmission rate of 28.8 Mbps issupported in the downlink transmission direction, while a rate of 11.52Mbps is supported in the uplink transmission direction. The uplinktransmission direction in the present context denotes signaltransmission from the mobile radio communication terminal to therespective UMTS base station. The downlink transmission directiondenotes signal transmission from the respective associated UMTS basestation to the mobile radio communication terminal.

Radio transmission technologies currently specified for these channelsare Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) and Time Division Duplex (TDD). Themultiple access method used in such systems is based on Code DivisionMultiple Access (CDMA) technology, a form of direct sequence spreadspectrum (DSSS).

A current topic of interest is the further development of UMTS towards amobile radio communication system optimized for packet data transmissionthrough improved system capacity and spectral efficiency. In the contextof 3GPP, the activities in this regard are summarized under the generalterm “LTE” (for Long Term Evolution). The aim is, among others, toincrease the maximum net transmission rate significantly in future,namely to speeds on the order of 100 Mbps in the downlink transmissiondirection and 50 Mbps in the uplink transmission direction. To improvetransmission over the air interface to meet these increased transmissionrates, new techniques have been specified.

MIMO (Multiple Input-Multiple Output) is one of the important techniquesin LTE. MIMO is an antenna technology in which multiple antennas (up to4 antennas as an exemplary configuration) are used at both the NodeB(base station in LTE) and UE (mobile radio communication terminal)sides. See e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,345,599 to Paulraj, et al. issued Sep.6, 1994 entitled “Increasing capacity in wireless broadcast systemsusing distributed transmission/directional reception (DTDR)” whichdescribes one such MIMO technology.

With MIMO, multiple independent data streams can be transmitted inparallel using the same time-frequency resource. To distinguish the datastreams sharing this same time-frequency resource, spatial divisionmultiplexing is applied. However, there is one significant issue withMIMO when the amount of data to be transmitted on the independent datastreams differs significantly. In this case, the shared time-frequencyresource will be inefficiently used by the data stream with the smalleramount of data utilization.

An exemplary MIMO implementation is illustrated at FIG. 2. Specifically,FIG. 2 illustrates a high-level MIMO transmission structure according toLTE that includes two independent data streams (Data Stream 1 202, DataStream 2 204), and two antennas (Ant 1206, Ant 2208) at the transmitterside 210 and receiver side 212, respectively. At the transmitter side,the data symbols of each data stream are passed to the OFDM (Orthogonalfrequency division multiplex) modulator, where they are modulated ontothe orthogonal subcarriers. The block of output samples from the OFDMmodulator make up a single OFDM symbol. This time-domain signal is thentransmitted over the transmit antenna across the Mobile Radio Channel(MRC 1, MRC 2). At the receiver an OFDM demodulator is used to processthe received signal and bring it into the frequency-domain (i.e., viaFast Fourier Transform or FFT operation, discussed below). Ideally, theoutput of the OFDM demodulator will be the original symbols that werepassed to the OFDM modulator at the transmitter.

In practice, the transmitter and receiver of LTE devices can be realizedusing Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT)/Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)digital signal processing. In one embodiment, the OFDM modulator isimplemented by IFFT operation and the OFDM demodulator is implemented byFFT operation. An exemplary implementation for a non-MIMO case isdepicted in FIG. 3. The data stream 302, consisting of N data symbolsm(i), is passed to the IFFT 306 after serial/parallel conversion (S/P)304. There, the data symbols are modulated onto the orthogonalsubcarriers, The block of output samples from the IFFT make up a singleOFDM symbol s(i) after a parallel/serial conversion (P/S) 308. Thistime-domain signal is then transmitted over the transmit antenna acrossthe mobile radio channel (air interface). At the receiver, the samplesof the received OFDM symbol r(i) are passed to the FFT 312 afterserial/parallel conversion 310. Ideally, the output of the FFT n(i) 314,will be the original symbols that were passed to the IFFT 306 at thetransmitter.

While FIG. 3 illustrates a transmitter and a receiver diagram of asingle antenna in an LTE system, for the multiple antenna case, the FFTand IFFT would simply be replicated. As the FFT/IFFT overhead scales indiscrete increments with each additional antenna, FFT and IFFT hardwareimplementations quickly become expensive in terms of power consumption.Other hardware costs such as gate count and die size are generally fixedat fabrication. In software implementations, the FFT and IFFT operationsare largely repetitive, cycle-intensive, and in many communicationapplications, time constrained, Consequently, MIMO operation offersgreat benefits in data transmission; yet requires expensive tradeoffswhether implemented in hardware and/or software.

Furthermore, while MIMO theory typically assumes a symmetric data rateacross multiple antenna paths, this is not an absolute or “guaranteed”condition—in actual implementation. Therefore, where a systemexperiences asymmetric antenna usage, the benefits of MIMO operation maybe outweighed by the additional cost(s) of supporting the additionalantenna(s).

Many different MIMO solutions are evidenced in the prior art. Forexample, WIPO Publication No, 2005/060123 to Larsson et al. publishedJun. 30, 2005 and entitled “METHOD AND APPARATUS IN A MIMO BASEDCOMMUNICATION SYSTEM” discloses communication in a MIMO network that isoptimized by selecting a first set of users comprising at least oneuser, selecting a second set of users not comprised in the first set,adapting communication parameters for the first set of users accordingto a first principle suitable, e.g. SVD, adapting communicationparameters for the second set of users according to a second principle,e.g. opportunistic MIMO, and transmitting to the first set of userterminals according to the first communication parameters and to thesecond set of user terminals according to the second communicationparameters. In this way, communication with one or a few users can beoptimized while network resources can be used in an efficient way alsofor other users.

For LTE, new multiple access methods have been specified. For thedownlink transmission direction, OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency DivisionMultiple Access) in combination with TDMA (Time Division MultipleAccess) has been specified. Uplink data transmission is based on SC-FDMA(Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access) in combination withTDMA. As previously discussed, the complexity in terms of signalprocessing at the transmitter and receiver side is significantlyimpacted, especially where the amount of data to be transmitted on theindependent data streams significantly differs.

In a process generally referred to as precoding, knowledge of atransmission channel (as well as channel state) can allow thetransmitter to use multiple antennas constructively. An exemplary usagewould be multiple identical transmissions that constructively interfereat the destination. For example, U.S. Patent Publication No. 20050254461to Shin, et al, published Nov. 17, 2005 and entitled “Apparatus andmethod for data transmission/reception using channel state informationin wireless communication system” discloses a method for transmittingand receiving data according to a channel state in a wirelesscommunication system, the method includes measuring a characteristic oftransmission channels used for data transmission and transmittingchannel state information of the measured channel characteristic; andselecting sub-channels for data transmission according to the channelstate information, and transmitting data through the selectedsub-channels.

Another process generally referred to as diversity utilizes the spatialorthogonality of multiple identical transmissions to enable more robustdata transmission across noisy channels. In another usage havingsufficiently different spatial signatures, completely separate datastreams can be transmitted. This process is generally referred to asspatial division multiplexing and allows multiple parallel channels tobe transmitted essentially without employing additional time-frequencyresources.

Other solutions have also been contemplated in the prior art forimplementing LTE systems in a 3GPP network. For example, United StatesPatent Publication No. 20070258427 to Shaheen; et al, published Nov. 8,2007 and entitled “WIRELESS COMMUNICATION METHOD AND SYSTEM FORACTIVATING MULTIPLE SERVICE BEARERS VIA EFFICIENT PACKET DATA PROTOCOLCONTEXT ACTIVATION PROCEDURES” discloses a method and apparatus forexecuting attachment procedures in a long term evolution (LTE) system toaccommodate a single tunnel approach. Third Generation PartnershipProgram (3GPP) packet data protocol (PDP) context activation proceduresare used for the allocation of an Internet protocol (IP) address and theestablishment of tunneling between an evolved Node-B (eNodeB) and ananchor node, while allowing multiple radio access bearers (RABs) to bemapped to one PDP context for different quality of service (QoS)requirements. Thus, one PDP context is sufficient for a wirelesstransmit/receive unit (WTRU) within a single packet data network (PDN).Multiple PDP contexts can be established for special requirements,(e.g., bundled services), or when the WTRU connects to multiple PDNs.

United States Patent Publication No. 20080013553 to Shaheen publishedJan. 17, 2008 and entitled “ACTIVATION OF MULTIPLE BEARER SERVICES IN ALONG TERM EVOLUTION SYSTEM” discloses a method of activating multiplebearer services in a long term evolution (LTE) wireless communicationsystem including multiple bearers. At least one of the multiple bearersis activated during initial attach procedures which combine an attachprocedure with activate packet data protocol (PDP) context activationprocedures. In one embodiment, LTE attach procedures are implemented formulti-bearer services activation that establishes an LTE direct generalpacket radio service (GPRS) tunneling protocol (GTP) tunnel or normalGTP two-tunnels operation. In another embodiment, the initial attachprocedures are used to activate a default PDP context to be followed bymodified PDP context activation procedures for multi-bearer servicesactivation. These procedures can be used to establish a modified LTEdirect GTP tunnel or a normal GTP two-tunnels operation,

United States Patent Publication No. 20080045272 to Wang; et al.published Feb. 21, 2008 and entitled “DYNAMIC RESOURCE ALLOCATION,SCHEDULING AND SIGNALING FOR VARIABLE DATA RATE SERVICE IN LTE”discloses a method and apparatus are provided for dynamic resourceallocation, scheduling and signaling for variable data real timeservices (RTS) in long term evolution (LTE) systems. Preferably, changesin data rate for uplink RTS traffic are reported to an evolved Node B(eNB) by a UE using layer 1, 2 or 3 signaling. The eNB dynamicallyallocates physical resources in response to a change in data rate byadding or removing radio blocks currently assigned to the data flow, andthe eNB signals the new resource assignment to the UE. In an alternateembodiment, tables stored at the eNB and the UE describe mappings of RTSdata rates to physical resources under certain channel conditions, suchthat the UE uses the table to locally assign physical resourcesaccording to changes in UL data rates. Additionally, a method andapparatus for high level configuration of RTS data flows is alsopresented. However, the disclosure is related to the adaption ofresources for UL transmissions only; i.e., the number of resources to beused by transmitter (LE) is controlled by receiver (NodeB), and isdirected to non-MIMO systems.

Despite the foregoing, improved methods and apparatus for reception andtransmission of data through multi-antenna systems, such as an LTEsystem, are needed. Prior art MIMO systems are deficient in that theyare not able to specify and/or change resource allocation to thetransceiver(s) (e.g. a subset of time-frequency resources) for anasymmetrically loaded antenna. Allowing the ability to specify and/orchange resource allocation to the transceivers) would be advantageous inthat the transceiver(s) can greatly simplify its modulation anddemodulation operations (e.g. FFT, IFFT) for the lighter loaded antenna,resulting in more efficient operation. Ideally, such improved apparatusand methods would also optionally permit the ability to multiplexanother signal onto the newly unallocated time-frequency resources.Consequently, these improved apparatus and methods would greatly improveboth operation cost (e.g. power consumption), as well as spectralefficiency for asymmetrically loaded MIMO systems.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention satisfies the aforementioned needs by providingimproved apparatus and methods for data transmission in multi-antennasystems.

In one aspect of the invention, a method for optimizing at least oneresource associated with a multi-antenna transmission system isdisclosed. In one embodiment, the system comprises a transmitter, areceiver, and a plurality of data streams, each of said plurality ofdata streams comprising a resource, and the method comprises: detectingan asymmetric condition in one of the plurality of data streams;allocating a subset of the resource for at least one of the plurality ofdata streams; and transmitting a message to the receiver, the messagecomprising information indicative of the subset of the resource.

In one variant, the system comprises a 3G cellular system, and thetransmitter comprises a base station, and the receiver comprises asubstantially portable user device.

In another variant, the system comprises a 3G cellular system, thereceiver comprises a base station, and the transmitter comprises asubstantially portable user device. The system includes a plurality ofantennas comprising a multi-input, multi-output (MIMO) system; e.g.,four (4) antennas.

In yet another variant, the system is capable of a net transmission rateof approximately 100 Mbps from the base station to the user device, andapproximately 50 Mbps from the user device to the base station.

In a further variant, the transmitter is adapted to transmit at leastone of the streams using orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(OFDM), and the resource comprises a time-frequency resource.

In still another variant, the resource comprises a Fast FourierTransform (FFT) or Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) processingresource.

In a second aspect of the invention, an apparatus for optimizingresources in a multi-antenna transmission system is disclosed, In oneembodiment, the apparatus comprises: a processing device; a plurality oftransmitting antennas; and a storage device in signal communication withthe processing device, the storage device comprising a computer programhaving a plurality of instructions. When executed by the processingdevice, the instructions: detect an asymmetric condition in one of aplurality of data streams to be transmitted over the plurality oftransmitting antennas, each of the plurality of data streams comprisinga time-frequency resource; allocate a subset of the resource of at leastone of the plurality of data streams for one of the plurality oftransmitting antennas; and generate a message to be transmitted over atleast one of the plurality of transmitting antennas, the messagecomprising information indicative of the allocation of the subset of theresource.

In one variant, the apparatus comprises a base station within a cellularsystem.

In another variant, the apparatus comprises a mobile user device adaptedfor use within a cellular system, and the plurality of antennascomprises a multi-input, multi-output (MIMO) system having e.g., four(4) antennas.

In a third aspect of the invention, a computer readable apparatus havinga storage medium is disclosed. In one embodiment, the medium is adaptedto store a computer program comprising instructions which, whenexecuted: detect an asymmetric condition in one of a plurality of datastreams to be transmitted over a plurality of transmitting antennas,each of the plurality of data streams having a default resourceallocation associated therewith; change the default allocation so as toreallocate a subset of the resource of at least one of the plurality ofdata streams; and generate a message to be transmitted over at least oneof the plurality of transmitting antennas, the message comprisinginformation indicative of the reallocation of the subset of theresource.

In a fourth aspect of the invention, a multi-antenna transmission systemcomprising a base station and a user device is disclosed. In oneembodiment, the base station and the user device are capable ofcommunicating via a plurality of data streams, the multi-antennatransmission system operating according to the method comprising:detecting an asymmetric condition in one of the plurality of datastreams on the base station, each of the plurality of data streamscomprising a default resource; allocating a subset of the defaultresource for at least one of the plurality of data streams; andtransmitting a signaling message to the user device, the signalingmessage comprising information indicative of the allocation subset ofthe default resource.

In a fifth aspect of the invention, a method of operating a transmittingdevice within a wireless system is disclosed. In one embodiment, themethod provides at least one of reduced power consumption and increasedspectral efficiency, the transmitting device having a plurality ofantennas, and comprises: receiving a plurality of data input streams;identifying a data rate asymmetry between at least two of the inputstreams; and reallocating time-frequency resources based at least inpart on the identified data rate asymmetry. The reallocation of theresources substantially provides the at least one of reduced powerconsumption and increased spectral efficiency as compared to anallocation of the resources before the reallocation.

In a sixth aspect of the invention, apparatus for use in a wirelesscommunications network is disclosed. In one embodiment, the apparatus isadapted to: determine the amount of data to be transmitted for anupcoming transmission period for a first data stream and a second datastream, the amount of data for the second stream being less than theamount of data for the first stream at least during the period;determine a first number of subcarriers needed to carry the data of thefirst stream during the period; determine a second number of subcarriersneeded to carry the data of the second stream during the period, thesecond number being a subset of the first number; use the first numberof the subcarriers for transmission of the first stream; and use thesecond number of subcarriers for transmission of the second data stream.

In one variant, the first and second subcarriers are part of anorthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) processing unit.

In another variant, the first and second numbers of subcarriers are partof respective orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)processing units. Use of the second number of subcarriers comprisespassing modulation symbols to only a subset of a total number of inputson an Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) process, while the remainderof the total number of inputs remain unused.

In another variant, the apparatus is further adapted to signal to asingle user device in wireless communication with the apparatus that thefirst data stream is to use the first number of subcarriers, and thesecond data stream is to use the second number of subcarriers.

Alternatively, the apparatus is further adapted to signal to a firstuser device in wireless communication with the apparatus that the firstdata stream is to use the first number of subcarriers, and to signal toa second user device in wireless communication with the apparatus thatthe second data stream is to use the second number of subcarriers. Thesignaling to the first and second user devices may further identify thespecific subcarriers to be used for each of the first and second datastreams, respectively.

In still another variant, the apparatus comprises a base station.

In a seventh aspect of the invention, a method of doing business withina wireless network having a plurality of subscribers is disclosed. Inone embodiment, the method comprises: providing a first subset of thesubscribers with first user devices having a first time-frequencyresource allocation scheme, the first user devices having associatedtherewith a first fee or cost; and providing a second subset of thesubscribers with second user devices having a second time-frequencyresource allocation scheme, the second user devices having associatedtherewith a second fee or cost, the second fee or cost.

In one variant, the second fee or cost is greater than the first fee orcost, and the second user devices are more battery power-efficient thanthe first user devices, the greater battery power-efficiency beingrelated at least in part to the second time-frequency resourceallocation scheme. For example, the second time-frequency resourceallocation scheme may comprise: determining an asymmetry in thetime-frequency resource requirements of two data streams to betransmitted by one of the second user devices; and allocatingsubcarriers within an OFDM modulator so as to avoid unnecessary use ofat least some of the subcarriers and processing resources associatedtherewith.

Other features and advantages of the present invention will immediatelybe recognized by persons of ordinary skill in the art with reference tothe attached drawings and detailed description of exemplary embodimentsas given below.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A is an exemplary chart of a Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)implementation as a function of frequency and time.

FIG. 1B is an exemplary chart of a Frequency Division Multiple Access(FDMA) implementation as a function of frequency and time.

FIG. 1C is an exemplary chart of a Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)implementation as a function of frequency and time.

FIG. 1D is an exemplary chart of an Orthogonal Frequency-DivisionMultiple Access (OFDMA) implementation as a function of frequency andtime.

FIG. 2 is a functional block diagram illustrating an exemplaryembodiment of a MIMO transmission structure in accordance with theprinciples of the present invention.

FIG. 3 is a functional block diagram illustrating an exemplaryimplementation of an OFDM modulator/demodulator through the use of anInverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) and a Fast Fourier Transform(FFT).

FIG. 4 is a functional block diagram illustrating an exemplary cellularnetwork system utilized in accordance with the principles of the presentinvention.

FIG. 5 is a first exemplary implementation of a digital communicationssystem utilized in accordance with the principles of the presentinvention.

FIG. 6 is a functional block diagram illustrating an exemplary Long TermEvolution (LTE) network architecture utilized in accordance with theprinciples of the present invention.

FIG. 7 is a functional block diagram illustrating a plurality ofmultiple antenna systems utilized in accordance with the principles ofthe present invention.

FIG. 8 is a logical flow diagram illustrating an exemplary embodiment ofthe generalized method for allocating resources to a data stream inaccordance with the principles of the present invention.

FIG. 8A is a logical flow diagram illustrating one implementation of amethod for determining the amount of data per data stream per the methodof FIG. 8.

FIG. 8B is a logical flow diagram illustrating an exemplaryimplementation of allocating resources to a data stream per the methodof FIG. 8.

FIG. 9 is a functional block diagram illustrating a first exemplaryembodiment of Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) operation inaccordance with the principles of the present invention.

FIG. 10 is a functional block diagram illustrating a first exemplarymultiple-antenna apparatus manufactured in accordance with theprinciples of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

As used herein, the terms “client device”, “end user device” and “UE”include, but are not limited to cellular telephones, smartphones (suchas for example an iPhone™), personal computers (PCs), such as forexample an iMac™, Mac Pro™, Mac Mini™ or MacBook™, and minicomputers,whether desktop, laptop, or otherwise, as well as mobile devices such ashandheld computers, PDAs, video cameras, set-top boxes, personal mediadevices (PMDs), such as for example an iPod™, or any combinations of theforegoing.

As used herein, the term “computer program” or “software” is meant toinclude any sequence or human or machine cognizable steps which performa function. Such program may be rendered in virtually any programminglanguage or environment including, for example, C/C++, Fortran, COBOL,PASCAL, assembly language, markup languages (e.g., HTML, SGML, XML,VoXML), and the like, as well as object-oriented environments such asthe Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA), Java™ (includingJ2ME, Java Beans, etc.), Binary Runtime Environment (BREW), and thelike.

As used herein, the term “integrated circuit (IC)” refers to any type ofdevice having any level of integration (including without limitationULSI, VLSI, and LSI) and irrespective of process or base materials(including, without limitation Si, SiGe, CMOS and GaAs). ICs mayinclude, for example, memory devices (e.g., DRAM, SRAM, DDRAM,EEPROM/Flash, and ROM), digital processors, SoC devices, FPGAs, ASICs,ADCs, DACs, transceivers, memory controllers, and other devices, as wellas any combinations thereof.

As used herein, the term “memory” includes any type of integratedcircuit or other storage device adapted for storing digital dataincluding, without limitation, ROM. PROM, EEPROM, DRAM, SDRAM, DDR/2SDRAM, EDO/FPMS, RLDRAM, SRAM, “flash” memory (e.g., NAND/NOR), andPSRAM.

As used herein, the terms “microprocessor” and “digital processor” aremeant generally to include all types of digital processing devicesincluding, without limitation, digital signal processors (DSPs), reducedinstruction set computers (RISC), general-purpose (CISC) processors,microprocessors, gate arrays (e.g., FPGAs), PLDs, reconfigurable computefabrics (RCFs), array processors, secure microprocessors, andapplication-specific integrated circuits (ASICs). Such digitalprocessors may be contained on a single unitary IC die, or distributedacross multiple components.

As used herein, the terms “network” and “bearer network” refer generallyto any type of data, telecommunications or other network including,without limitation, data networks (including MANs, PANs, WANs, LANs,WLANs, micronets, piconets, internets, and intranets), hybrid fiber coax(HFC) networks, satellite networks, cellular networks, and telconetworks. Such networks or portions thereof may utilize any one or moredifferent topologies (e.g., ring, bus, star, loop, etc.), transmissionmedia (e.g., wired/RF cable, RE wireless, millimeter wave, optical,etc.) and/or communications or networking protocols (e.g., SONET,DOCSIS, IEEE Std. 802.3, 802.11, ATM, X.25, Frame Relay, 3GPP, 3GPP2,WAP, SIP, UDP, FTP, RTP/RTCP, H.323, etc.).

As used herein, the terms “network interface” or “interface” typicallyrefer to any signal, data, or software interface with a component,network or process including, without limitation, those of the Firewire(e.g., FW400, FW800, etc.), USB (e.g., USB2), Ethernet (e.g., 10/100,10/100/1000 (Gigabit Ethernet), 10-Gig-E, etc.), MoCA, Serial ATA (e.g.,SATA, e-SATA, SATAII ), Ultra-ATA/DMA, Coaxsys (e.g., TVnet™), radiofrequency tuner (e.g., in-band or OOB, cable modem, etc.), WiFi(802.11a,b,g,n), WiMAX (802.16), PAN (802.15), IrDA or other wirelessfamilies.

As used herein, the term “wireless” means any wireless signal, data,communication, or other interface including without limitation Wi-Fi,Bluetooth, 3G (e.g., 3GPP, 3GPP2, and UMTS), HSDPA/HSUPA, TDMA, CDMA(e.g., IS-95A, WCDMA, etc.), FHSS, DSSS, GSM, PAN/802.15, WiMAX(802.16), 802.20, narrowband/FDMA, OFDM, PCS/DCS, analog cellular, CDPD,satellite systems, millimeter wave or microwave systems, acoustic, andinfrared (i.e., IrDA).

Overview

The present invention discloses inter alia methods and apparatus forproviding optimized performance for transceivers in multiple antennasystems. In one exemplary implementation, the multiple antenna system isa Multiple In-Multiple Out (MIMO) system as specified in the 3GPP LongTerm Evolution (LTE) specification. Current implementations assume thattransmission resources in a MIMO system are substantially symmetric withrespect to one another. While assuming symmetric transmission simplifiesthe operation of the LTE system, in practice MIMO LTE systems oftenoperate in conditions where the antennas transmit and receiveasymmetrically loaded data streams.

In one exemplary aspect, the invention addresses these asymmetricconditions through efficient utilization of transmitter and receiverresources. If an asymmetric condition is detected by the transmitter onany given data stream, the transmitter can decide to utilize only asubset of the available time-frequency resources for that given datastream. Accordingly, the signal processing resources for that datastream are adapted to mirror the reduction in time-frequency resourcesthat are necessary, The transmitter will then signal to the receiverthat it will only be using a subset of the time-frequency resources, andthe receiver will adapt its operation and process the received data inaccordance with the signaling sent by the transmitter. By utilizing onlya subset of the time-frequency resources as needed, the transmitter inan LTE MIMO system can reduce its power consumption, as well as itsspectral efficiency on the network.

Detailed Description of Exemplary Embodiments

Exemplary embodiments of the present invention are now described indetail. While these embodiments are primarily discussed in the contextof multi-antenna systems in a 3GPP LTE system, it will be recognized bythose of ordinary skill that the present invention is in no way solimited. In fact, the principles of the present invention may readily beapplied to multi-antenna systems in other wireless systems such as, forexample, those compliant with the 3GPP2 initiative and standards,. orIEEE 802.16(WiMAX) systems.

Furthermore, while FFT/IFFT processing operations are primarilycontemplated as the signal processing technique for the transmissionschemes described herein, it will be appreciated that other suitabledigital signal processing techniques can readily be substituted.

FIG. 4 illustrates an exemplary cellular radio system 400 according tothe invention. The system 400 comprises a network of radio cells 402each served by a transmitting station 404, known as a cell site or basestation. The radio network provides wireless communications service fora plurality of transceivers 406 (in most cases mobile User Equipment(UE)). The network of base stations 404 working in collaboration allowsfor wireless service which is greater than the radio coverage providedby a single serving base station 404. The individual base stations 404are connected by another network (a wired or wireless network (notshown)), which includes additional controllers such as MSCs and the likefor resource management, and in some cases access to other networksystems (e.g., MANs, WANs, or internets such as the Internet). Cellularradio system network infrastructure is well known to one of ordinaryskill in the art and, accordingly, is not further described herein.

In the context of a UMTS system, a base station 404 is referred to as“Node B”. The UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN) is thecollective aggregation of multiple Node Bs 404 along with the UMTS RadioNetwork Controllers (RNC). The user interfaces to the UTRAN via UserEquipment (UE) 406 comprise an end user device such as a cellulartelephone or smartphone.

Referring now to FIG. 5, the operation of a simple digital communicationsystem 500 is illustrated. As shown, an input signal (such as an analogvoice signal from a UE user) is converted into a digital representation.This digital data stream may be compressed at an encoder 502 to reduceredundant or unnecessary information in a process collectively referredto as source coding. This may also be a “lossy” process; i.e., some ofthe original analog signal may be lost or not encoded in order to reducechannel bandwidth requirements. The compressed data stream is also codedusing e.g., a forward error correction (FEC) technique such as turbocoding, Viterbi or LDPCs so as to be resistant to noise using a processreferred to as channel coding. The channel coded output is passed to atransmitter 504, and transmitted across a noisy medium (i.e., airinterface) via the antennas 506, 508. The receiver 510 receives an inputdata stream from the transmission medium, with an expected amount ofcorruption introduced by the noise. The received data is passed througha data correction process at a decoder 512 using the channel codingmethods to correct for any transmission errors, typically to aprescribed maximum bit error rate (BER) such as 1E−08. Lastly, thecorrected data stream is decompressed and decoded to produce areproduction of the original signal input at the transmitter. In aUMTS-based system, the communication between Node B and UE includes boththe uplink and downlink directions; i.e., both the Node B and the UEtransmit and receive (although not necessarily simultaneously), andtherefore both require complementary transceivers. Furthermore, in UMTS,the Node B will typically serve multiple UEs simultaneously,consequently the UTRAN must be able to support “multiple access”functionality.

LTE Network Architecture

FIG. 6 depicts the exemplary high-level network architecture 600 of anLTE system comprising a radio access network E-UTRAN 602 (Evolved UMTSTerrestrial Radio Access Network) and a core network EPC 610 (EvolvedPacket Core). The E-UTRAN 602 consists of one or more base stations eNBs604 (evolved Node B). Each eNB 604 provides radio coverage for one ormore mobile radio cells 606 within E-UTRAN 602. Message signals or datasignals are transmitted between a respective eNB 604 and a mobilestation UE 608 in a mobile radio cell 606 over the air interface on thebasis of a multiple access method. For LTE, new multiple access methodshave been specified as previously noted. For the downlink transmissiondirection, OFDMA in combination with TDMA has been specified. OFDMA incombination with TDMA, subsequently referred to herein as OFDMA/TDMA, isa multi-carrier multiple access method in which a subscriber is providedwith: (i) a defined number of subcarriers in the frequency spectrum; and(ii) a defined transmission time for the purpose of data transmission.Uplink data transmission is based on SC-FDMA (Single Carrier FrequencyDivision Multiple Access) in combination with TDMA.

The eNBs 604 are connected to the EPC 610, more specifically to the MME(Mobility Management Entity) and to the Serving Gateway (S-GW) 612, TheMME 612 is responsible for controlling the mobility of UEs 608 locatedin the coverage area of the E-UTRAN 602, while the S-GW 612 isresponsible for handling the transmission of user data between the UE608 and the network. More details of radio access network and airinterface are described in 3GPP TS 36.300 V8.1.0 (2007 June): “E-UTRAand E-UTRAN; Overall description; Stage 2”, which is incorporated hereinby reference in its entirety.

LTE specifies that MIMO operation must be supported for higher datarates. As previously discussed, MIMO operation uses multiple antennas totransmit and receive multiple data streams. FIG. 7 demonstrates thequalitative difference between SISO (Single In, Single Out), SIMO(Single In, Multiple Out), MISO (Multiple In, Single Out) and MIMOsystems. While primarily discussed in the context of MIMO, theprinciples of the present invention could readily be adapted for MISOarchitectures in addition to MIMO architectures. Further, whiledescribed primarily in the context of multiple antenna systems that usea maximum number of four (4) antennas (i.e. up to four (4) antennas atthe mobile side as well as up to four (4) antennas at the cell site asspecified in LTE implementations), it is recognized that the principlesof the present invention may equally be applied to systems incorporatingmore or less than the maximum number (4) specified in LTEimplementations.

Moreover, it is also appreciated that the principles of the presentinvention could apply to anycast, broadcast, and multicast in additionto the unicast radio links primarily discussed herein.

Methods

Referring now to FIG. 8, an exemplary generalized method for allocatingresources to one or more data streams 800 is illustrated.

At step 820 of FIG. 8, a transmitter in a digital communications systemor other processing device in the transmission apparatus, determines theamount of data to be transmitted on each data stream for a given periodof time. In the context of a multiple access implementation such as theOFDMA implementation shown and discussed with regards to FIG. ID, thegiven period of time may comprise for example an upcoming transmissiontime instant such as a given OFDM symbol number, although otherincrements or bases may be used as well.

In one exemplary implementation (FIG. 8A), the transmitter determinesthe number of data streams at step 822. If the number of data streams isequal to one, then full resources are allocated to that data stream atstep 824. If the number of data streams is greater than one, the datastreams are characterized at step 826. As there are a variety of reasonsthat the transmitter may determine that an asymmetric data stream isrequired over multiple antennas, characterizing the data streams (step826) may be beneficial in understanding why asymmetry might exist. Forexample, asymmetric data stream requirements may arise due to any numberof application specific requirements (e.g. video, voice, data), as wellas environmental changes (e.g. fast fading), etc. Furthermore, asymmetrymay arise if the transmitter determines that data streams should bethrottled up or down, depending on any number of network parameters,including benefits, costs or operational requirements/considerations.These underlying conditions which lead to symmetric or asymmetricrequirements can be effectively managed, in many instances, byunderstanding and characterizing the underlying data streams.

It will be appreciated that while primarily described in the context ofmultiple antennas transmitting multiple data streams, certainimplementations of the foregoing methodology may use single data streamsin a multiple antenna system. This might be the case for instance if thetransmission apparatus comprises multiple antennas, but only needs asingle antenna for a single data stream in a given implementation.

Referring back to FIG. 8, at step 840 the transmitter next determinesthe amount of resources required per data stream. In one embodiment, thetransmitter determines the required amount of the commontune-frequency-resources based on the amount of data to be transmittedon each data stream for the upcoming transmission time instant. In avariant of this first embodiment, the transmitter receives a data streamto be transmitted and the transmitter is not involved directly in datastream creation. In yet another embodiment, the transmitter can providetime-frequency resource feedback data to a software process (e.g. ahigher-level software process) for purposes of maintaining antenna datastream symmetry. Yet other approaches will be recognized by those ofordinary skill provided the present disclosure.

At step 860 of FIG. 8, resources are allocated to one or more of thedata streams based at least in part on the processing steps at step 820and/or step 840. For example, FIG. 8B illustrates one exemplarymethodology 860 for allocating resources to one or more data streams inaccordance with the method of FIG. 8. At step 862 of FIG. 8B, the amountof data to be transmitted is analyzed on two or more of the data streamsto see if the amounts significantly differ. The “significance” of thisdifference may be determined for example via comparison to apredetermined threshold, or using an algorithm which dynamicallyevaluates this quantity as a function of other system parameters. Ifthere is no significant difference, then the default allocations aremaintained at step 864. If there is a significant difference between theloadings of individual data streams, the transmitter can decide whetheror not individual data streams should utilize a default resources valueor, alternatively, only use a subset of the time-frequency resources(step 866). In one variant, the transmitter determines the subset of thetime-frequency resources according to different criteria, e.g. on thebasis of the best time-frequency resources in terms of quality, thesequence of time-frequency resources etc. In case of a relatively lowamount of data on all streams, then in step 840 in FIG. 8, thetransmitter would determine the number of required resourcesaccordingly.

While utilizing a subset of the resources (such as time-frequencyresources) is advantageous in many multiple antenna implementations, itis appreciated that it is not always in the best interests of thenetwork to optimize the data streams. In fact, in certain situations itmay be advantageous for the network to maintain an antenna data streamwithout modification. Furthermore, it is also appreciated that not allreceivers may be equipped to modify their respective receivecapabilities, and for these receivers, the additional complexity ofimplementing variations in allocated resources and antenna control maybe detrimental to the overall operation of the system. Accordingly, atstep 864, the default allocation of resources is maintained.

If the transmitter decides to use only a subset of the commontime-frequency resources, the signal processing at the transmitter sidewill be adapted accordingly at step 868. For example, the signalprocessing resources might be adapted to efficiently utilize hardwareresources to minimize power consumption based on the relative size ofthe subset allocation. It is appreciated that the signal processingsequence could be implemented in software, firmware and/or hardware,accordingly varying embodiments incorporating these elements asapplicable are envisioned under the present invention.

Further, it is anticipated that while upper-layer software typicallycontrols network and medium access usage, embodiments of the transmittercould be adapted to control network and medium access, as well for theexpress purpose of equalizing data stream loading, or conversely packingdata streams more efficiently.

Other criteria used for allocating time-frequency resources (e.g. timeshifted transmissions, trickle transmissions, low priority transmission,etc.) are also consistent with the invention described herein.

At step 870, it is determined whether or not to allocate thenon-allocated resources from one of the data streams to another datastream. If this allocation is allowed, the available non-allocatedresources are determined at step 872, and those non-allocated resourcesare then allocated to one or more different data streams (step 874).Further, the signal processing sequence could be unbalanced, such thateither the transmitter or receiver may receive benefit when theresources of the other are allocated to a subset of the whole resource.For example, the transmitter might opt to adapt its operation in amanner which trades transmitter processing power for receiver processingpower. This has advantages; e.g., in instances where large amounts ofdata are expected to be received at the receiver of a user device whilerelatively small amounts of transmitted data are expected.

At step 876, the subset of the resources to be used (e.g. time-frequencyresources discussed previously) is signaled to the receiver. When thetransmitter elects to modify its transmit operation, the receiveroperation likewise benefits by modifying its receive operation. It isappreciated that while this signaling operation may be controlled byindependent control signaling methods, other methods of controlsignaling are available as well such as e.g., embedded control, blinddetection, etc. Once receiving the transmitted control signal, thereceiver processes the received data for each data stream based on thesignaling by the transmitter at step 876. The transmitted control signalis interpreted by the receiver and the receiver adjusts its receiveapparatus accordingly.

One salient advantage of the approach as described above is that thecommon time-frequency resources can be efficiently used. For networkoperators, spectral efficiency improves profits. Higher spectralefficiency enables: (1) a greater number of serviced users; (2) bettercapital equipment distribution; and/or (3) provision of higher valueservices (such as data services). Existing technologies such as TDMA,FDMA and CDMA offer adaptive service, but offer limited strategies forincremental spectral usage. OFDMA offers more flexible usage of spectrumthan CDMA, TDMA, or FDMA; however, the present invention furtherimproves on the spectral efficiency of the OFDMA system.

Another significant advantage offered to currently existing OFDMtechnology by the present invention relates to the reduction ofcomplexity of signal processing at the transmitter and receiver. Thecollaboration between transmitter and receiver previously describedallows unnecessary computations to be eliminated from the communicationslink.

LTE Implementations

For the purposes of further explanation and illustration of the methodsof FIGS. 8-8B, an exemplary LTE implementation with OFDMA/TDMA multipleaccess methods is now described. The radio transmission technology ofthis implementation is Frequency Division Duplex (FDD); i.e, the datatransmission in the Downlink (DL) and Uplink (UL) are separated ondifferent frequency bands. Furthermore, the DL MIMO transmissionstructure in operation is described according to e.g. that of FIG. 2,which has two independent data streams (Data Stream 1, Data Stream 2)and two (2) antennas (Ant 1, Ant 2). Other configurations of theforegoing may be used, however.

In an LTE system, the transmitter and receiver comprise a base stationeNB and terminal UE (see FIG. 6). The data symbols, of the data streamsequal modulation symbols, e.g. 64 QAM, 16QAM, QPSK. A time-frequencyresource comprises 12 subcarriers per

OFDM symbol. The present implementation also includes a frame structure,such as that described with respect to FIG. 1D, wherein one time slot oflength 0.5 ms includes seven (7) OFDM symbols, and two (2) consecutivetime slots are defined as a subframe.

Two MIMO modes are now described in the context of this specific networkarchitecture: Single User MIMO (SU-MIMO) and Multiple User MIMO(MU-MIMO). In the case of SU-MIMO, the two independent data streams areallocated to one UE. In the case of MU-MIMO, each data stream isallocated to different UEs.

Furthermore, the data streams on the antennas are asymmetric in that theamount of data on each of the independent data streams differs from oneanother. This could result, for instance, due to data of differentservices multiplexed on the data streams. For example, data from adownload service is multiplexed on Data Stream 1, while a VoIP serviceis multiplexed on Data Stream 2. In another exemplary case, the channelquality of the different data streams temporarily differs. Other suchcases will be recognized by those of ordinary skill provided the presentdisclosure.

SU-MIMO

In a first exemplary SU-MIMO case, the eNB 604 determines the amount ofdata to be transmitted on each data stream for the upcoming transmissiontime instant (i.e. OFDM symbol number #1) as follows: 96 informationbits for Data Stream 1 and 24 information bits for Data Stream 2. With achannel coding rate of ⅓ and 64QAM modulation, this results in 48 datasymbols for Data Stream 1 and, 12 data symbols for Data Stream 2.

The eNB 604 determines four (4) time-frequency resources as the requiredamount of the common time-frequency-resources based on the amount ofdata to be transmitted on Data Stream 1; i.e. 48 subcarriers (s to s+47)for OFDM symbol . In FIG. 1D, these time-frequency-resources areindicated by shading.

In a standard MIMO system; Data Stream 1 and Data Stream 2 would havebeen allocated symmetrically, and the time-frequency resources for DataStream 2 would have been effectively wasted. Furthermore, the signalprocessing of Data Stream 2 using four (4) time-frequency resources isunnecessarily complex, in that it could have been accomplished in asimpler fashion. In the present embodiment, in order to reduce thesignal processing complexity, the eNB 604 decides to use only a subsetof the four (4) time-frequency resources for Data Stream 2, i.e. onlyone time-frequency resource.

As a consequence, the IFFT processing unit of the OFDM modulator forData Stream 2 is adapted accordingly; i.e. only the twelve (12)subcarriers s to s+11 are used. In the IFFT processing unit of the OFDMmodulator for Data Stream 2, the twelve (12) data modulation symbolsm(0) to m(11) are passed to the IFFT processing unit and the remaininginputs remain unused (marked with an “X” in FIG. 9). The eNB signals theUE 608 for Data Stream 1 that all four (4) time-frequency-resources areused, whereas for Data Stream 2 only the subset of onetime-frequency-resource is used. Due to the additional eNB transmitoptimization decision, a small additional amount of control complexityis added, because the receiver must be notified of the time-frequencyresources utilized by each antenna. In prior art MIMO systems, antennasymmetry is assumed. However, the additional complexity added by thepresent implementation of the invention is more than offset by itsbenefits (previously described).

The UE 608 processes the received data for each data stream based on thesignaling from the eNB 604. The UE 608, having received controlnotification from the eNB 604, modifies the demodulation capability ofits transceiver so as to accommodate the optimized data stream.

In a first exemplary MU-MIMO case, the eNB 604 uses Data Stream 1 fortransmitting data to a first UE 608 (UE No. 1) and Data Stream 2 fortransmitting data to a second UE 608 (UE No. 2). The eNB 604 determinesthe amount of data to be transmitted on each data stream for theupcoming transmission time instant (i.e., OFDM symbol number No. 1) asfollows: ninety-six (96) information bits for Data Stream 1 andtwenty-four (24) information bits for Data Stream 2. With a channelcoding rate ⅓ and 64 QAM modulation, this results in forty-eight (48)data symbols for Data Stream 1 and twelve (12) data symbols for DataStream 2.

The eNB 604 determines four (4) time-frequency resources as the requiredamount of the common time-frequency-resources based on the amount ofdata to be transmitted on Data Stream 1, i.e. forty-eight (48)subcarriers (s to s+47) for OFDM symbol #1. In FIG. 1D, again thesetime-frequency-resources are indicated by shading.

As described in the SU-MIMO case above, in a standard MIMO system, DataStream 1 and Data Stream 2 would have been allocated symmetrically, andthe signal processing of Data Stream 2 would be unnecessarily complex.In order to reduce the signal processing complexity in the presentembodiment, the eNB 604 decides to use only a subset of the four (4)time-frequency resources for Data Stream 2; i.e., only onetime-frequency resource.

As a consequence, the IFFT processing unit of the OFDM modulator forData Stream 2 is again adapted accordingly; i.e, only the twelve (12)subcarriers s to s+11 are used. In the IFFT processing unit of the OFDMmodulator for Data Stream 2, the twelve (12) data modulation symbolsm(0) to m(11) are passed to the IFFT processing unit, and the remaininginputs remain unused (marked with an “X” in FIG. 9). The eNB 604 signalsto UE No. 1 608 that for Data Stream 1, all four (4)time-frequency-resources are used.

Correspondingly, the eNB 604 signals to UE No. 2 608 that for DataStream 2 only a subset of the one time-frequency-resource is used.Similar to the SU-MIMO case described above, the additional eNB transmitoptimization decision requires a small additional amount of controlcomplexity to be added. In the MU-MIMO case, the additional controllogic is only implemented by one of the plurality of users.

The mobile stations UE No. 1 608 and UE No. 2 608 process the receiveddata based on the signaling by the eNB 604. The UEs 608 having receivedcontrol notification from the eNB 604 modifies the demodulationcapability of their transceivers so as to accommodate the optimized datastream.

In yet another MU-MIMO implementation, the eNB 604 uses Data Stream 1for transmitting data to a first UE 608 (UE No. 1) and Data Stream 2 fortransmitting data to a second UE (UE No. 2) 608. A third UE 608 (UE No.3) is also serviced by the OFDMA network with Data Stream 3. The eNB 604determines the amount of data to be transmitted on each Data Stream forthe upcoming transmission time instant (i.e., OFDM symbol number No. 1)as follows: ninety-six (96) information bits for Data Stream 1 andtwenty-four (24) information bits for Data Streams 2 and 3. With achannel coding rate of ⅓ and 64 QAM modulation this results inforty-eight (48) data symbols for Data Stream 1 and twelve (12) datasymbols for Data Streams 2 and 3.

The eNB 604 determines four (4) time-frequency resources as the requiredamount of the common time-frequency-resources based on the amount ofdata to be transmitted on Data Stream 1, i.e. forty-eight (48)subcarriers (s to s+47) for OFDM symbol No 1 (see FIG. 1D).

As described above, in order to reduce the signal processing complexity,the eNB 604 decides to use only a subset of the four (4) time-frequencyresources for Data Stream 2; i.e, only one time-frequency resource. Inthe present context, this frees additional time-frequency resources thatmay be used to service Data Stream 3.

As a consequence, the IFFT processing unit of the OFDM modulator forData Streams 2 and 3 are adapted accordingly; i.e. only the twelve (12)subcarriers s to s+11 are used for Data Stream 2, and subcarriers s+12to s+23 are used for Data Stream 3. In the IFFT processing unit of theOFDM modulator for Data Stream 2, the twelve (12) data modulationsymbols m(0) to m(11) are passed to the IFFT processing unit and theremaining inputs remain unused (marked with an “X” in FIG. 9);similarly, m(12) to m(23) are processed for Data Stream 3. The eNB 604then signals UE No. 1 608 that for Data Stream 1, all four (4)time-frequency-resources are used. Correspondingly, the eNB 604 signalsUE No. 2 608 and UE No. 3 608 that only the subset of onetime-frequency-resource is used. Similar to the SU-MIMO case describedabove, the additional eNB transmit optimization decision requires asmall additional amount of control complexity to be added. In thisMU-MIMO embodiment, the additional control logic is implemented by aplurality of users.

The mobile stations UE No. 1 608, UE No. 2 608 and UE No. 3 608 processthe received data based on the signaling from the eNB 604. The UEs 608,having received control notification from the eNB 604, modify theirdemodulation capabilities of their transceivers so as to accommodate theoptimized data streams.

It will be recognized that while MU-MIMO cases involving two or threeUEs are described above, the logic and methodologies of the inventioncan be extended to any number of UEs.

Moreover, while a transmitter-driven signaling model is described herein(i.e., an eNB or UE transmitter performing the determination oftime-frequency or other resources that would be required for theasymmetric data streams, and then signaling a prospective receiver as tothe resource allocation selected), the invention may be practiced in areceiver-driven mode, For example, the receiver in the foregoingscenario might instigate a request for or “pull” of data streams fromthe ‘transmitter, including a proposed allocation for the streams interms of time frequency resources. The transmitter can then service thisrequest, taking into account the receiver's proposed allocation scheme.This approach may be useful, inter alia, in cases where the receiver islimited in its available resource configuration or capacity.

Apparatus

Referring now to FIG. 10, exemplary apparatus 1000 useful inimplementing the methods of the present invention are illustrated. Theapparatus 1000 may for instance comprise UE, Base Station Controller(BSC) or eNB. The exemplary apparatus of invention is a multiple antennatransceiver system 1000, comprising multiple antennas 1002, an RF toanalog baseband subsystem 1004, a digital baseband subsystem 1006, aprocessor subsystem 1008, a memory subsystem 1010, and an interfacesubsystem 1012. These components may be integrated together, or furtherpartitioned. Furthermore, while the discussion of these components isfor a commercial embodiment of a full duplex system (i.e. receive andtransmit operations occur simultaneously), a half duplex, or simplexsystem is also anticipated, as asymmetric antenna management is notsubstantively different.

The multiple antennas 1002 and RF subsystem 1004 comprise the necessaryhardware components for antenna transmission. Various algorithms may beimplemented in either hardware or software 1004A (e.g. power control,automatic gain control, and automatic frequency control) which governthe operation of the antenna to optimize spectral efficiency, and powerconsumption. The RF to analog baseband 1004 is connected to the digitalbaseband 1006. In one embodiment, the RF front-end 1004 is subdividedinto a plurality of discrete front-ends, each interfacing to a separateantenna subsystem 1002. In another embodiment, a single RF front-end isimplemented, which manages the plurality of antenna subsystemscollectively.

The digital baseband 1006 comprises a modem subsystem 1016 and antennaspecific digital hardware or software algorithm 1014 (e.g. IFFT, and orITT components). In one embodiment, the antenna specific digitalhardware or software algorithm 1014A directly interfaces to one of aplurality of discrete RF subsystems. In another embodiment, the antennaspecific digital hardware 1014 directly interfaces to a single RFsubsystem.

Asymmetry of antenna data streams can only be determined with referenceto multiple antennas. Therefore, in one embodiment of the presentinvention, wherein a single RF subsystem 1004 manages multiple antennas1002, the RF subsystem 1004 must be able to detect the data stream ratesacross the plurality of antennas 1002 and feed rate information back tothe digital modem subsystem 1006. In another embodiment of the presentimplementation, wherein a plurality of discrete RF subsystems exist toindividually manage a corresponding plurality of antenna subsystems1002, the data rate detection across multiple antenna subsystems ismanaged internally within the digital modem 1016.

A processor subsystem 1008 governs the operation of the modem subsystem.The processor subsystem 1008 may comprise e.g., a processor, cachememory and DMA. The processor subsystem 1008 is connected to the digitalmodem subsystem 1006, and may also be connected to the RF to AnalogBaseband subsection 1004. The processor subsystem 1008 may also beconnected to the memory subsystem 1010 and interface subsystem 1012 viaa bus 1018. The memory subsystem 1010 provides access tocomputer-readable storage media.

The interface subsystem 1012 provides external access to the data beingtransmitted and or received. In the embodiment of a mobile phone, thismay comprise an LCD display, keypad, microphone, speaker, or any of theother user interface devices well known in the arts. In otherembodiments, the interface may comprise a network connection, or otherform of interface (such as USB, Firewire, etc.)

It will be recognized that while certain aspects of the invention aredescribed in terms of a specific sequence of steps of a method, thesedescriptions are only illustrative of the broader methods of theinvention, and may be modified as required by the particularapplication. Certain steps may be rendered unnecessary or optional undercertain circumstances. Additionally, certain steps or functionality maybe added to the disclosed embodiments, or the order of performance oftwo or more steps permuted. All such variations are considered to beencompassed within the invention disclosed and claimed herein,

While the above detailed description has shown, described, and pointedout novel features of the invention as applied to various embodiments,it will be understood that various omissions, substitutions, and changesin the form and details of the device or process illustrated may be madeby those skilled in the art without departing from the invention. Theforegoing description is of the best mode presently contemplated ofcarrying out the invention. This description is in no way meant to belimiting, but rather should be taken as illustrative of the generalprinciples of the invention. The scope of the invention should bedetermined with reference to the claims.

1-25. (canceled)
 26. A method of operating a user equipment (UE),comprising: receiving signaling information from a base station, whereinthe signaling information comprises a time-frequency resource to be usedby a multiple radio bearer allocated to the UE; and transmitting atransmission to the base station of at least two data streams, whereinthe UE encodes each of the at least two data streams into the multipleradio bearer based on at least one characteristic of the time-frequencyresource.
 27. The method of claim 26, wherein the UE has a plurality ofantennas and the transmission is transmitted using two or more antennas.28. The method of claim 26, further comprising: determining an amount ofthe time-frequency resource to be used for each of the at least two datastreams.
 29. The method of claim 28, wherein the determining comprisesdetermining an amount of data to be transmitted on each of the at leasttwo data streams during a time period corresponding to thetime-frequency resource.
 30. The method of claim 26, wherein thetransmission uses a subset of the first time-frequency resource.
 31. Themethod of claim 26, wherein the transmission is a Long Term Evolution(LTE) transmission and the time-frequency resource includes at least onesubframe of an LTE frame, wherein the transmission is transmitted duringthe at least one subframe.
 32. A user equipment (UE), comprising: atransceiver configured to connect to a base station of a network; and aprocessor configured to: receive signaling information from the basestation, wherein the signaling information comprises a time-frequencyresource to be used by a multiple radio bearer allocated to the UE; andgenerate a transmission comprising at least two data streams, whereinthe processor encodes each of the at least two data streams into themultiple radio bearer based on at least one characteristic of thetime-frequency resource.
 33. The UE of claim 32, further comprising: aplurality of antennas, wherein the transceiver transmits thetransmission using two or more antennas.
 34. The UE of claim 32, whereinthe processor is further configured to determine an amount of thetime-frequency resource to be used for each of the at least two datastreams.
 35. The UE of claim 34, wherein the processor determines theamount of the time-frequency resource to be used based on at least anamount of data to be transmitted on each of the at least two datastreams during a time period corresponding to the time-frequencyresource.
 36. The UE of claim 34, wherein the transmission uses a subsetof the first time-frequency resource.
 37. The UE of claim 26, whereinthe transmission is a Long Term Evolution (LTE) transmission and thetime-frequency resource includes at least one subframe of an LTE frame,wherein the transmission is transmitted during the at least onesubframe.
 38. An integrated circuit, comprising: circuitry to receivesignaling information from a base station, wherein the signalinginformation comprises a time-frequency resource to be used by a multipleradio bearer allocated to the UE; and circuitry to generate atransmission to the base station of at least two data streams, whereinthe circuitry encodes each of the at least two data streams into themultiple radio bearer based on at least one characteristic of thetime-frequency resource.
 39. The integrated circuit of claim 38, furthercomprising: circuitry to transmit the transmission to the base station,wherein the transmission is transmitted using two or more antennas. 40.The integrated circuit of claim 38, further comprising: circuitry todetermine an amount of the time-frequency resource to be used for eachof the at least two data streams.
 41. The integrated circuit of claim40, wherein the circuitry to determine the amount of the time-frequencyresource to be used comprises circuitry to determine an amount of datato be transmitted on each of the at least two data streams during a timeperiod corresponding to the time-frequency resource.
 42. The integratedcircuit of claim 38, wherein the transmission uses a subset of the firsttime-frequency resource.
 43. The integrated circuit of claim 38, whereinthe transmission is a Long Term Evolution (LTE) transmission and thetime-frequency resource includes at least one subframe of an LTE frame,wherein the transmission is transmitted during the at least onesubframe.